پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Regarding the different conditions and characteristics compared to the past, the modern world, always needs a modern voice and ideology. Naturally, the changes in the contemporary world, willingly or unwillingly, influences in the lives of all citizens, especially children and adolescents. Therefore, in order to increase awareness of this vulnerable group, adults should identify the characteristics of the modern world and represent the far-fetched issues in this field. Children and adolescent fiction are the powerful tool for bringing these modern-day themes to the minds of children; because the story plays a prominent role in the cognitive and emotional development of children. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to extract and identify the concepts of modernity in the story of “ the Little Black Fish”. The results show that Behrangi in the field of modernity views concepts such as exile, differentiation, theoretical curiosity, socialism, movement and dynamism, class conflict and freedom. By identifying with the main character of the story, the child moves away from the traditional thinking and the same color as the congregation, sympathy and goes on a long and dangerous journey.

Resistance" is a central yet ambiguous and questionable category in Foucault's thought. This is due to Foucault's new and extensive analyzes and conceptions of power. He believes that power is not something that is concentrated in the hands of one person, one particular class or institution and applied to others, but is spread throughout society. Power relations are not possible without "resistance"; because wherever there is power, there is resistance, so resistance manipulates power with calculated strategies. The novel "Ta al-khejel" by the contemporary Algerian author Fazileh al-Farooq is a clear example of the blatant oppression against women in Algerian patriarchal and traditional society, an oppression that begins with the family and ends with society, institutions, law and religion. But the women of the novel resist to this all-encompassing dominations. The aim of the present study is to examine the resistance and struggle of women against the domination of the patriarchal system in a descriptive-analytical way and based on the concepts of power and resistance of Michel Foucault. The results show that the female protagonists of this novel have appeared in two types of positive and negative resistance. Positive resistance through challenge to patriarchy (resistance against tradition and imitation), continuing education (affirmation of female nature), writing (expressive language of women and awareness of their classes) and emigration and negative resistance through denial of femininity (struggle against patriarchal discourse), suicide and insanity have resisted male power.

One of the most important things that is noticed in the sociological criticism of the novel is the connection between the work and the author's class, which is influenced by sociological class views. In the sociological criticism of the novel, first of all, a meaningful structure of the relationship between the work and society should be drawn. According to Goldman, the meaningful structure is the relationship between the inner structure of the work and the reflection of the worldview hidden in it. In the practical examples of sociological criticism of Lukács, Goldman and their other followers, pay attention to the author's class and its relationship with the structure and characterization of the work is considered an essential part in the sociological analysis of the text. On the basis of this research, the sociological analysis of the novel "Secrets of the Genie Valley" by Ebrahim Golestan from the point of view of reflecting the classes of the Iranian society, based on Lucien Goldman's opinions. Based on the findings of this study, Ebrahim Golestan criticized the apparent development of the Shah's regime and its modernization in the novel " Secrets of the Genie Valley ", symbolically representing the role of social classes against these requirements and the opportunism of the rich and middle class and the passivity of the class. He blamed the poor.

Carnival is one of the prominent  theories of  Mikhail Bakhtin,the great critic of the twentieth century in literature. Features  that make  a literary work  can be  called carnival are the language  of  the street and market, humor, laughter , imcompetence, grotesque, etc  that  can be mentioned in describing a carnival work. Carnivals are public and folk festivals in which different classes of society are worded and the wise, fools, clowns and kings are ridiculed. One of the works that can be read by carnival” Azadaran-e Bayal” is the work of Gholam Hossein Saedi. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method and library method. The research  finding indicate  that the author disrupts the dominant and one-  sided discourse in this work and provides space by creating multiple  and reciprocal characters and situations to creat discourse and reflect  different voices to express social and cultural truths. In this novel, The explanation of the multilateral and functional contradiction between characters and cultural and religious situations in society, combining contrasting things by creating  situations and artistic spaces ,as well as, reflecting the effects of death and love at the end of stories, creating distorted and crazy characters who breaks balance of logic  and formality, the use of slang in different situations, the existence of fear and panic in the atmosphere of the stories, the creation of humorous and funny situation with special and self- attributed methodes, etc  expresses the signs and components of carnavalism in this work.

By questioning the traditional view of the world and man, the modernist writers started inventing the new methods and they brought about fundamental changes in the form and content of the novel. They were able to show the mental world of modern man through the novel. In this article, the novel  of Milky Way is analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way from the point of view of modernism, and the results show that Ayoubi uses intelligent and purposeful techniques of modernist arts, such as stream of consciousness, the inner and dramatic monologue, soliloquy, the association of the mind, the characterization of the anti-hero and the ghost. The incoherence of the plot, the violation of the linear course of time, the uncertainty of the contradiction, the intermingling of the world of dreams and reality, the confrontation with modernity, the symbolism and use of archetypes, the poetry of the prose, the change of point of view, the multiplicity of narrator and polyphony, have created a modern novel. In the novel of Milky Way, the technique of "story within story" and "narrative within narrative" and the artistic twist of "intertextuality" is the reason for the loss of time and departure of the narrative time from the natural and linear process.

Feminist narratology systematically explores gender differences in storytelling and discourse, reflecting on topics including the gender of the writers, the author's hypothetical audience, the real audiences, and the characters and narrator. The aim of this paper is to study feminist narratology in Ghazaleh Alizadeh's most important novel, The House of the Idrisi. This descriptive-analytical paper demonstrates that, aside from the novel's new theme, important literary methods, and solid narrative structure, the analysis of feminist narratology in this novel serves as a forum for the emergence and manifestation of the feminist movement's cultural, conceptual, and metaphysical facets. In fact, Alizadeh reveals her feminist approaches to The House of the Idrisi in two ways: first, by introducing a modern method of replacing masculine narratives with expressive feminine narratives of things, existence, and concepts ( be able to understand gender differences in it), and, second, by emphasizing the female characters of the novel, which, in turn, gives the novel its structure, namely the relationship between explanation, dialogue, and, of course, the story's components and conceptually; complicating female characters in a fictional novel seem to represent the socio-political status of women in the fictional society.

Existentialism is a philosophical school that has found expression mostly in literary works, including novels and plays. This school was first founded in Germany by Kierkegaard in the 19th century, then it made its way to France and Jean-Paul Sartre spread it. The principle of this school is based on the absolute freedom of man and the elimination of necessity, in such a way that man is responsible for his own destiny. This school, like many other schools of thought, found its way to Iran and the works of Iranian authors. One of the contemporary writers who is influenced by the traces of this school in his works is Mostafa Mastoor. This research first deals with the theoretical debates about the school of existentialism and its influence in Persian literature, as well as its components, and then examines and analyzes those components and two works of Mostafa Mastoor’s works. It is also an attempt to clarify that this philosophical school is one of the most used philosophical schools in literature due to its emphasis on "man". The fictional characters of Mostafa Mastoor are disillusioned and isolated ones, people who share the same characteristics in all the works related to this philosophical school, which are present in the literary masterpieces of the existentialism school.

One of the effective models in the analysis of fictional characters is the model provided by Benjamin Hrushevsky. Hrushevsky was one of the theorists who emphasized the network of human relations and believed that text patterns create a complex network of hierarchies. From the structure called the character, he presents a tree-like hierarchical structure in which the semantic characteristics of the characters can be achieved by combining two or more details within a unifying category. This paper seeks to analyze the character of "Mergan" in the novel " The Vacancy of Salouch" by Mahmoud Dovlatabadi based on this model in an analytical-descriptive way, to answer the questions that the character of Mergan in the novel " The Vacancy of Salouch" What are the characteristics of "salouch" and what are the features of these characters based on Hrushevsky 's personality pattern and in which textual contexts are they represented? According to the studies performed in Mergan's character analysis based on the Hrushevsky model; components such as; paradox, repetition, similarity, analogy, equation, and logical implication are principles that influence in the generalization of Mergan's personality behavior and the discovery of his personality traits. Among these principles; the principle of similarity and logical implication are more than any other, they determine Mergan's personality traits and the characteristics of stubbornness, frustration and despair are his most obvious semantic characteristics.

Geocriticism with a focus on the subject of place is one of the fundamental concepts in literature, the study of place in literary works became more important, especially in the postmodern era because not only literature plays an important role in the representation of space, but also the presence of geography has expanded in approaches such as thematic and postcolonial criticism. In geocriticism, the relation between imagination and reality is considered, it is the author's experience which means this linked to the category of place, so the author's view of a particular place is considered. In other words, It is not the description of the real places that matters, but it's the author's imagination that makes up the geography of the work. This approach is also related to thematic criticism. The theme of time and space shifts has been particularly popular in the literature for ages, with characters searching for their lost identities, so they begin the journey to know themselves by shifting in space as well as time. Reza.Ghasemi, who is one of the contemporary Iranian writers living in France, deals with this issue in the novel The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra. In the present article, with the descriptive-analytical processing, the story is analyzed  relying on the opinions of Bertran Westphal, in the scope of geographical criticism. In this novel, a vivid and dynamic image of the city of Paris and Tehran is displayed for the active audience; because the place and time shift in this story is not linear and the author does this with his own logic and without confusion; but it is necessary for the reader to sort out this confusing tangle in order to reach the world represented by the narrator.